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21.5.2025 | The employment rate of registered nurses and practical nurses is high, with more than 90 per cent of graduates finding work in the social welfare and health care sector. Unemployed nurses cannot be relied on to respond to the future labour shortage in the sector. People who have sought employment in other sectors represent the most significant resource of unutilised workforce. Some relief can also be provided by pensioners for whom working is increasingly common.

Register- och datasystembeskrivningar I vissa system har statsrådets kansli och social- och hälsovårdsministeriet gemensamt personupp-giftsansvar: Ärendehanteringssystemen Doktori och VAHVA, informationssystemet för beredning och distribution av E...

Register and information system descriptions When the Ministry of Social Affairs and Health processes personal data in the Government’s shared information systems , the Ministry of Social Affairs and Health and the Prime Minister’s Office are join...

19.5.2022 | Terveyden ja hyvinvoinnin laitos COVID-19 tilannekuva 19.5.2022 Terveyden ja hyvinvoinnin laitos COVID-19 tilannekuva 19.5.2022 Tilanne maailmalla Alkuperäislähteet: Euroopan tautikeskus, ECDC https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/covid-19/situation-updat...

23.3.2026 | The sufficient Finnish or Swedish proficiency of professionals working in the healthcare and social welfare sector forms an essential part of patient safety and service quality. The Ministry of Social Affairs and Health is currently preparing measures to make it easier to ensure language proficiency, and to support employers in enhancing professionals’ language skills.

Data Protection Contact information Data Protection Officer Data Protection Officer Lassi Kauttonen The Ministry of Social Affairs and Health, Department for Communities and Functional Capacity tietosuojavastaava.stm(at)gov.fi Controller The Minis...

Publicity of documents and requests for information Document publicity descriptions Documents produced by the authorities in the performance of their duties are public, unless special provisions on their secrecy have been laid down by law. In acco...

Secondary use of health and social data A separate law has be laid down on the secondary use of health and social data (Act on the Secondary Use of Health and Social Data). The purpose of the Act is to facilitate the effective and safe processing ...

Frequently asked questions about the Act on Secondary Use of Health and Social Data Usein kysyttyä: The law mentions the primary and secondary use of customer data. What is the difference between these two concepts? The primary use of customer dat...

fi sv en Biobank activities will be harmonised Biobanks are part of the research infrastructure. In biobanks, samples of human origin and related data are stored for supporting research. Biobanks operate in Finland in connection with hospital dist...

Sekundär användning av personuppgifter inom social- och hälsovården Det har stiftats en separat lag om sekundär användning av personuppgifter inom social- och hälsovården (den s.k. lagen om sekundär användning). Lag om sekundär användning av perso...

15.12.2023 | Inom ett gemensamt projekt för social- och hälsovårdsministeriet och Institutet för hälsa och välfärd (THL) har man utvecklat ett register för att kunna räkna ut enhetskostnaderna för enskilda social- och hälsovårdstjänster. Man genomförde ett pilotförsök för att utarbeta en nationell anvisning för välfärdsområdena om beräkningen av enhetskostnaderna.

Health and social services for people arriving from Ukraine On 24 February 2022, Russia launched a military attack against Ukraine. Finland is committed to helping people who have fled the war in Ukraine to Finland, also with respect to healthcare...

Guidance of information management in healthcare and social welfare The Ministry of Social Affairs and Health is responsible for the general planning, guidance and monitoring of information management within its administrative branch and for the f...

Med elevhälsa avses främjande och upprätthållande av elevernas och de studerandes inlärning, psykiska och fysiska hälsa och sociala välbefinnande och de verksamheter inom läroanstalten som stöder detta.

Organdonationer och transplantationer av organ och vävnader Målet i organdonations- och transplantationsverksamhet är att alla de patienter som på grund av sin sjukdom eller enligt en medicinsk bedömning skulle ha nytta av en organtransplantation ...

Unemployment security In brief Unemployment security consists of a general social security benefit and an earnings-related unemployment allowance. In order to be eligible for unemployment security, you must register with the employment authority a...

Handlingars offentlighet och begäran om information Beskrivning av handlingars offentlighet Myndigheternas handlingar är offentliga, om det inte i lag föreskrivs att de ska vara sekretessbelagda. Enligt offentlighetsprincipen har och en har rätt a...

Immigrants' social security, welfare and health The MSAH is responsible for matters concerning the welfare and health of immigrants living in Finland. The Ministry deals with the basic security of immigrants, essential social and health services i...

Biobankernas verksamhet förenhetligas Biobankerna är en del av samhällets forskningnsinfrastruktur. Biobankerna förvarar prover från människa och tillhörande uppgifter för att stödja forskningen. Biobankerna i Finland är verksamma i anslutning til...

Good Work Programme – Creating more appeal and staying power in the healthcare and social welfare sector Mounting service needs driven by an ageing Finnish population, higher rates of chronic diseases, evolving expectations and new technologies – ...

fi sv en Improving health through the use of genomic data In the next few years, the use of genomic data in healthcare will rapidly increase. In the future, decisions regarding the prevention and treatment of diseases will be increasingly based on...

Electronic services support the pharmacotherapy Medication list as a tool for healthcare professionals A national up-to-date medication list is under preparation. Its benefits will be based on a procedure where all essential structural medication ...

Safety of pharmacotherapy Pharmacotherapy is an integral part of comprehensive care. At its best, pharmacotherapy can cure illnesses, slow the progression of illnesses, reduce the symptoms of illnesses and prevent illnesses. Safe pharmacotherapy c...

Säker läkemedelsbehandling Läkemedelsbehandlingar är en central del av en helhetsinriktad vård. Med läkemedelsbehandling kan man i bästa fall bota sjukdomar, bromsa sjukdomsförlopp, lindra sjukdomssymtom och förebygga sjukdomar. Säker läkemedelsbe...

nordic cooperation

Amending the Act on the Secondary Use of Health and Social Data The Ministry of Social Affairs and Health is preparing a government proposal for amending the Act on the Secondary Use of Health and Social Data (555/2019). The Act will be amended in...

Equal pay Equal pay is a fundamental and human right. Under the Finnish Equality Act, people performing the same work or work of equal value must receive the same pay, irrespective of their gender. Reducing pay gaps is a central equality issue and...

Current issues Press releases Total of 5,000 patients evacuated from Ukraine to EU countries Type: Press release Publication date: 17.4.2026 11.19 Government proposal: Applying Norwegian model for child home care allowance to help promote gender e...

Occupational accidents and occupational diseases The Ministry of Social Affairs and Health is responsible for developing and preparing the legislation concerning insurance against occupational accidents and diseases. The workers’ compensation insu...

Styrningen av informationshanteringen inom social- och hälsovården Social- och hälsovårdsministeriet svarar för den allmänna planeringen, styrningen och övervakningen av informationshanteringen inom sitt ansvarsområde och för finansieringen av bet...

Vaccinationer Social- och hälsovårdsministeriet svarar för lagstiftningen om vaccinationsprogrammet och vaccin. Dessutom gör ministeriet en framställning till statsrådet och riksdagen om införande av nya vacciner i vaccinationsprogrammet samt besl...

COVID-19 disease in Finland Shortly Since July 2023, COVID-19 has been classified as a monitored communicable disease instead of a generally hazardous communicable disease. Vaccinations continue to be the most important way to protect against seri...

Amended legislation on health checks for children and young adults Type: Press release Categories: Publication date: 22.12.2025 Request for comments: Legislative amendment would extend right of small alcohol producers to sell their products direct...

Healthcare and social welfare for illegal residents Illegal residents mean persons who have no right of residence in Finland according to the Aliens Act. An asylum seeker’s residence in Finland is considered unauthorised when a decision to reject ...

15.1.2026 | The changes to be made to social assistance will, for example, strengthen the obligations of recipients to apply for full-time work and primary benefits. The overall reform of social assistance aims to clarify the role of social assistance as a last-resort and temporary form of assistance, prevent social exclusion among young people and strengthen general government finances.

Frequently asked questions about the operating models and division of duties of healthcare and social welfare personnel This page contains frequently asked questions about the operating models and division of duties of healthcare and social welfar...

Vanliga frågor om sekundär användning av personuppgifter inom social- och hälsovården Usein kysyttyä: I lagen talas det om primär och sekundär användning av kunduppgifter. Vad är skillnaden mellan dessa? Med primär användning av kunduppgifter avse...

Legislation on termination on pregnancy

13.2.2026 | Together Against Cancer – Human-Centred Cancer Prevention and Care National Cancer Strategy 2026–2035 Finland National Cancer Strategy 2026–2035 Contents Summary 3 Strategic objectives 5 Current situation and operating environment 6 Cancer in Finl...

According to the Ministry of Social Affairs and Health Decree on the prescription of medicines (1088/2010), special attention must be given to the safety of pharmaceuticals.

Value chain for pharmacotherapy Pharmaceuticals-related development, research and innovations The facilitation of research and development of pharmaceuticals is a requirement for new pharmaceutical innovations. It is characteristic of the pharmace...

Enligt social- och hälsovårdsministeriets förordning om förskrivning av läkemedel (1088/2010) ska vid medicinering särskilt beaktas medicineringens säkerhet.

10.1.2023 | SOSIAALITURVAKOMITEAN JULKAISUJA 2020:7 Tuomo Alasoini, Matti Joensuu, Pirjo Juvonen-Posti, Noora Järnefelt, Aart-Jan Riekho , Pauliina Toivio, Jarno Turunen Työelämän ja työmarkkinoiden muutos Haasteita ja kehittämistarpeita sosiaaliturvan uudist...

5.1.2026 | The Ministry of Social Affairs and Health invites comments on the integration support. The comments should be submitted by 16 February 2026.

12.3.2018 | SELVITYS KEINOISTA LÄÄKKEENMÄÄRÄÄMISEN JÄRKEVÖITTÄMISEKSI VIIDESSÄ ESIMERKKIMAASSA Proviisori Katrimari Kiviluoto 30.4.2016 SISÄLLYSLUETTELO KÄYTETYT LYHENTEET 1 TAUSTA .................................................................................

22.9.2025 | The Government proposes a comprehensive reform of social assistance. The changes to be made would, for example, strengthen the obligations of recipients to apply for full-time work and primary benefits. The aim is to clarify the role of social assistance as a last-resort and temporary form of assistance, prevent social exclusion among young people and strengthen general government finances.

3.12.2025 | The Ministry of Social Affairs and Health has published the Non-Violent Childhoods Action Plan for 2026–2033 aimed at preventing all forms of violence against children. The plan, which will be implemented at the government level, is based on the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, the Lanzarote Convention and national statutes that require all forms of violence against children to be combated.

17.12.2025 | The Ministry of Social Affairs and Health is requesting comments on a draft government proposal that seeks to prevent intentional misuse of social welfare benefits, reduce incorrect social welfare payments and promote information exchange with the Social Insurance Institution (Kela). Statements may be submitted until 28 January 2026.

Tillsyn, tillstånd och registrering inom social- och hälsovården Yrkesutbildade personer inom hälso- och sjukvården Tillstånds- och tillsynsverket för social- och hälsovården (Valvira) och regionförvaltningsverken övervakar och styr det arbete som...

19.6.2025 | Social- och hälsovårdsministeriet har tillsatt en arbetsgrupp med uppdrag att främja FPA:s rätt till information och informationsutbyte i syfte att minska felaktiga betalningar och missbruk av sociala förmåner. Arbetsgruppens mandatperiod löper ut den 1 december 2025.

29.4.2025 | The Ministry of Social Affairs and Health is requesting comments on a change to the national vaccination programme that would mean offering the whooping cough (pertussis) vaccine to everyone who is pregnant. The vaccine is safe for both the mother and the foetus, and it would prevent the majority of severe whooping cough cases in babies under three months of age.

8.1.2026 | Tillsammans mot cancer – förebyggande och vård med människan i centrum Nationell cancerstrategi 2026–2035 Nationell cancerstrategi 2026–2035 Innehåll Sammanfattning 3 Strategiska mål 5 Nuläge och verksamhetsmiljö 6 Cancer i Finland 6 Verksamhetsmi...

23.2.2022 | Ansiotyön ja sosiaaliturvan yhteensovittaminen Sosiaaliturvakomitean ongelmaraportti SOSIAALITURVAKOMITEAN JULKAISUJA 2022:2 Ansiotyön ja sosiaaliturvan yhteensovittaminen Sosiaaliturvakomitean ongelmaraportti Sosiaaliturvakomitean työllisyyden ja...

29.8.2024 | Privacy policy – Gender Equality Barometer The Ministry of Social Affairs and Health has commissioned Statistics Finland to carry out a survey on gender equality in Finland. The survey will provide information about perceived equality in different...

25.4.2024 | Amendments have been made to the Ministry of Social Affairs and Health Decree on Vaccinations and to the Government Decree on Voluntary COVID-19 Vaccinations in order to allow dentists, senior pharmacists, pharmacists, practical nurses and biomedical laboratory scientists to administer vaccines in future. The aim of the amendments is to accelerate the administration of seasonal vaccines in particular and alleviate the shortage of healthcare personnel.

5.12.2025 | 1 Classified as ECDC NORMAL Appendix 10 - Country follow-up to ECDC PHEPA recommendations Following the PHEPA mission conducted in your country, the final ECDC assessment report includes a series of recommendations aiming at supporting your countr...

5.12.2025 | Country report: ECDC Public Health Emergency Preparedness Assessment for Finland, 2024 Under Article 8 of the Regulation (EU) 2022/2371 ASSESSMENT ECDC ASSESSMENT Country report: ECDC Public Health Emergency Preparedness Assessment for Finland, 20...

23.2.2022 | Palvelujen ja etuuksien yhteensovittaminen Sosiaaliturvakomitean ongelmaraportti SOSIAALITURVAKOMITEAN JULKAISUJA 2022:4 Palvelujen ja etuuksien yhteensovittaminen Sosiaaliturvakomitean ongelmaraportti Sosiaaliturvakomitean työ- ja toimintakykyjao...

8.2.2024 | 1 (4) Ministry of Social Affairs and Health Meritullinkatu 8, Helsinki | PO Box 33, FI-00023 Government, Finland +358 295 16001, stm.fi/en, @MSAH_News Privacy policy – Survey on discrimination on the grounds of pregnancy The Ministry of Social Aff...

21.3.2024 | I detta pressmeddelande har vi sammanställt de beslut som statsrådet fattade i dag den 21 mars 2024 om frågor som gäller social- och hälsovårdsministeriet.

16.5.2025 | The Ministry of Social Affairs and Health requests comments on the comprehensive reform of the Social Assistance Act by 27 June 2025. The amendments to the Act would strengthen, for example, the obligations of recipients to apply for primary benefits and full-time work. The aim is to reinforce the role of social assistance as a last-resort and temporary form of assistance and to strengthen general government finances.

21.6.2023 | The Regulation on the EU Digital COVID Certificate will expire on 30 June 2023. In future, the Certificate will no longer be used jointly by the EU Member States. People can still get the EU Digital COVID Certificate from the MyKanta online service if they need one.

21.3.2023 | Lagen om smittsamma sjukdomar ska ändras så att alla de yrkesutbildade personer inom hälso- och sjukvården som arbetar med att bekämpa smittsamma sjukdomar kan få uppgifter från det register över smittsamma sjukdomar som förs av Institutet för hälsa och välfärd. Nu kan endast smittskyddsläkare få dessa uppgifter. Lagändringen är för närvarande på remiss.

20.1.2025 | Den blankett som används för att anmäla yrkessjukdomar har nu förnyats, och den finns på arbetarskyddsförvaltningens webbplats i pdf form på finska och svenska.

27.10.2022 | COVID-19 cases are spreading widely among the population, but especially vaccinated people have a lower risk of developing the severe form of the disease. The number of people in hospitals with COVID-19 has increased. However, a large number of these patients are treated mainly for some other reason than COVID-19. Multiple COVID-19 variants are circulating in Finland, but their impact on the epidemic is not yet clear. 

3.10.2023 | Social- och hälsovårdsministeriet har fastställt de avgifter som hänför sig till användningen av elektroniska recept och Patientdataarkivet för 2024–2025. Med avgifterna täcks de certifikattjänster som Myndigheten för digitalisering och befolkningsdata producerar samt Folkpensionsanstaltens kostnader för underhåll av Kanta-tjänsterna.

Temporär ändring av tillsynslagen – Frågor och svar Efter den 1 februari 2025 är det möjligt för privata näringsidkare och andra tjänsteproducenter inom social- och hälsovården att temporärt inleda verksamhet eller genomföra en väsentlig förändrin...

10.11.2023 | MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING BETWEEN THE MINISTRY OF SOCIAL AFFAIRS AND HEALTH AND THE MINISTRY OF FINANCE OF REPUBLIC OF FINLAND AND THE MINISTRY OF SOCIAL AFFAIRS AND THE MINISTRY OF FINANCE OF REPUBLIC OF ESTONIA CONCERNING PROMOTING ELECTRONIC ...

Familjevård är omsorg dygnet runt Familjevård avser att ordna omvårdnad av en person dygnet runt i ett privathem som inte är klientens eget. Den vanligaste formen av familjevård är inom barnskyddet för barn som placerats i vård utom hemmet. Andra ...

Chemical oversight Chemicals legislation prevents harm caused by chemicals Chemicals legislation prevents harm caused by chemicals to health and the environment. The Ministry of Social Affairs and Health is responsible for the general guidance, mo...

Kemikalietillsyn Kemikalielagstiftningen förebygger skador som orsakas av kemikalier Kemikalielagstiftningen förebygger olägenheter för hälsa och miljö som orsakas av kemikalier. Social- och hälsovårdsministeriet ansvarar för den allmänna styrning...

Insurance institutions In Finland, private insurance institutions handle both statutory and voluntary insurance. Operating in the insurance sector is subject to authorisation. The Government issues authorisation for statutory earnings-related pens...

Försäkringsanstalter I Finland handhar privata försäkringsanstalter både lagstadgade och frivilliga försäkringar. Bedrivande av försäkringsverksamhet är tillståndspliktigt. Arbetspensionsförsäkringsbolag beviljas koncession av Statsrådet. De övrig...

10.3.2022 | The virus that causes COVID-19 continues to circulate through the population. However, vaccines provide effective protection against severe forms of the disease. It is particularly important that people aged 60 or over and those belonging to risk groups get a third vaccine dose. As the restrictions are eased, the focus will be on people’s own measures to prevent the spread of infections.

Till dem som ordnar screening Enligt förordningen om screening (339/2011) är kommunen skyldig att ordna screening av tarmcancer (från ingången av år 2022), bröstcancerscreening för kvinnor i åldern 50–69 år och screening av livmoderhalscancer för ...

Besvärsinstanser för beslut om utkomstskydd Social- och hälsovårdsministeriet behandlar inte ärenden som gäller ändringssökande, anmärkningar, klagomål eller besvär, men ministeriet bereder lagstiftning om besvärsnämnder och sörjer på det sätter f...

Appealing income security decisions The Ministry of Social Affairs and Health does not process requests for a review, objections or complaints. Instead, it drafts legislation on appeal boards and this way ensures the legal protection of people whe...

There are six Regional State Administrative Agencies in mainland Finland. They guide and supervise public and private healthcare and social welfare.

Cosmetic products Cosmetic product legislation ensures that the products are safe for human health. The Ministry of Social Affairs and Health is responsible for the general guidance, monitoring and development of operations pursuant to the Act on ...

Health services The aim of healthcare in Finland is to maintain and improve people's health, wellbeing, work ability and functional capacity and social security, as well as to reduce inequalities in health. The healthcare system is based on preven...

Hälso- och sjukvårdstjänster Syftet med hälso- och sjukvården är att främja och upprätthålla befolkningens hälsa, välfärd, arbets- och funktionsförmåga och sociala trygghet samt att minska hälsoskillnaderna mellan befolkningsgrupperna. Utgångspunk...

Elektroniska tjänster stöder en framgångsrik läkemedelsbehandling Läkemedelslistan ett verktyg för professionella inom hälso- och sjukvården Fördelarna med en riksomfattande uppdaterad läkemedelslista grundar sig på att alla centrala, strukturella...

24.3.2022 | The COVID-19 epidemic in Finland shows no signs of abating, although there is some regional variation in the intensity of the epidemic. The epidemic continues to put a strain on hospital care capacity. The need for intensive care has remained unchanged. Vaccinations continue to provide effective protection against the most serious forms of COVID-19. As the restrictions have been eased, the focus is now on people’s own measures to prevent the spread of infections.

10.2.2022 | The need for hospital care due to COVID-19 has stayed at a high but stable level for two weeks now. The burden on intensive care has reduced considerably since mid-January. Getting a third vaccine dose is an important way of preventing the more serious forms of the disease and curbing the burden on hospital care.

7.4.2022 | There are still no signs of the COVID-19 epidemic abating in Finland. The total number of patients in specialised healthcare and primary healthcare has remained high since the turn of 2021–2022. Vaccinations continue to provide effective protection against the more serious forms of the disease. It is essential that people take measures to prevent the spread of infections.

5.5.2022 | The number of COVID-19 patients in specialised and primary healthcare started to decline in April. The results of wastewater monitoring also indicate a downward trend in the epidemic. A fourth vaccine dose is recommended for people aged 12 or over who have a severely weakened immune system, people aged 80 or over and all older people living in residential care homes.

21.4.2022 | The number of COVID-19 patients in specialised and primary healthcare has decreased slightly. Vaccinations continue to provide effective protection against the more serious forms of the disease. A fourth vaccine dose is recommended for people aged 12 or over who have a severely weakened immune system, people aged 80 or over and all older people living in residential care homes.

Social- och hälsovårdsministeriet styr och utvecklar kemikalielagstiftningen, och den omfattar också de färgämnen och tillsatsämnen som används för tatuering och permanent pigmentering.

The Ministry of Social Affairs and Health steers and develops chemicals legislation, which also covers colourants and auxiliary ingredients used in tattoos and permanent pigmentations.

25.4.2019 | Act on the Secondary Use of Health and Social Data has been laid down. The purpose of the act is to make the use of the data smooth and more secure.

3.3.2022 | It is recommended that everyone aged 18 years or over take a third vaccine dose. Although the restrictions imposed due to COVID-19 have been eased, it is still important for people to stay at home when ill, to wear a mask in public indoor spaces and to practise good hand hygiene.

19.5.2022 | COVID-19 also spread widely among the older population in early 2022. This led to a rise in the number of COVID-19-related deaths occurring within 30 days of testing positive. However, this trend took a downward turn in late April–early May. Despite the considerable number of infections, the mortality rate among those who have received at least three vaccine doses has clearly remained at a lower level when compared to the rest of the population.

9.12.2025 | Social- och hälsovårdministeriets PUBLIKATIONER | 2024:32 PU B LIK ATIO N ER | 2024:## Rätt till delaktighet och likabehandling Nationellt handlingsprogram för FN:s konvention om rättigheter för personer med funktionsnedsättning 2023–2027 Kansalli...

24.2.2022 | The need for hospital care has remained at a high but stable level. It is recommended that everyone aged 18 years or over take a third vaccine dose. The epidemiological situation is still serious. For that reason, the focus will be on people’s own measures to prevent the spread of infections as the restrictions are eased.

17.2.2022 | Koronaepidemia on tasaantunut parin viimeisen viikon aikana. Sairaalahoidon tarve on pysynyt tasaisen korkealla tasolla ja tehohoidon kuormitus samalla tasolla kuin viime viikolla. Kolmansien rokoteannosten ottamista suositellaan kaikille 18 vuotta täyttäneille, mutta erityisen tärkeää se on riskiryhmille ja 60 vuotta täyttäneille. Rajoitusten keventyessä korostuvat ihmisten omaehtoiset toimet tartuntojen leviämisen estämiseksi.

2.6.2022 | The term of the group responsible for the situational picture and modelling of the COVID-19 epidemic ends in June 2022. The situational assessment report, published every other week, has monitored the development of the epidemic and the measures taken to curb the epidemic, but it will be put on hold for now. The question of what practices may need to be adopted in the autumn will be addressed later.

Dataskydd Kontaktuppgifter Dataskyddsombud Dataskyddsombud Lassi Kauttonen SHM, Avdelningen för gemenskaper, organisationer och funktionsförmåga tietosuojavastaava.stm(at)gov.fi Personuppgiftsansvarig Social- och hälsovårdsministeriet, PB 33, 0002...

13.4.2023 | Bestämmelser om tillsynen över ordnandet och produktionen av social- och hälsovården finns i fortsättningen i en enda lag. Lagarna om privat socialservice och privat hälso- och sjukvård har upphävts. De bestämmelser om tillsyn som finns i lagstiftningen om tjänsterna har också upphävts.

30.4.2019 | CERTIFICATE OF CONFORMITY for the registered block of Company Identification Codes “ALLx” according to ISO/IEC 15459 Unique Identification Control of data and material flow, Tracking & Tracing practices require unique identification. ISO/IEC 15459...